Two different things here:
1) CCB - Child Care Benefit which is means tested
2) CCR - Child Care Rebate which is not.
To get CCR you must have a permanent resident visa, satisfy a minimum (weekly) working / looking for work criteria. If you are not eligible for CCB (i.e. over the income threshold) you still have to claim CCB at a zero rate (i.e. declare yourself as ineligible!!) before claiming CCR.
CCR can be paid dfirectly to your (approved) child care provider so you only pay the other 50% or you can choose to have the 50% paid to you weekly, monthly or quarterly (I think) or if you haven't claimed it during the tax year, as a lump sum after the event.
Just did my daughter's 2011/12 claim and was advised that the lump sum method would not be available going forward.
Hope that helps, but just Google Child Care Rebate and you'll end up on the right government website.